mahin dokht kazemi; Hadise Gerivani
Abstract
Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste.In more mathematical or scientific terms, it is ...
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Efficiency is the (often measurable) ability to avoid wasting materials, energy, efforts, money, and time in doing something or in producing a desired result. In a more general sense, it is the ability to do things well, successfully, and without waste.In more mathematical or scientific terms, it is a measure of the extent to which input is well used for an intended task or function (output). It often specifically comprises the capability of a specific application of effort to produce a specific outcome with a minimum amount or quantity of waste, expense, or unnecessary effort. Efficiency of course refers to very different inputs and outputs in different fields and industries.
In recent years, financial institutions have experienced a dynamic, fast-paced, and competitive environment at a cross-border scale. One of the fastest growing industries is banks.The banking industry around the globe has been transformed in recent years by unprecedented consolidation and cross-border activities.The bank efficiency ratio is a quick and easy measure of a bank's ability to turn resources into revenue. An increase in the efficiency ratio indicates either increasing costs or decreasing revenues. Considering efficiency of banks in each country is one of the main fundamentals of the financial market and a necessary step to achieve economic growth and development.Especially, in recent years with addition managementresponsibility, this matter became premiere. An efficient bank with use of human force, Deposits, Buildings, equipment and materials obtain output and efficient maximum.
A Famous method for efficient calculationis DEA method.Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method in operations research and economics for the estimation of production frontiers.It is used to empirically measure productive efficiency of decision making units (or DMUs). Although DEA has a strong link to production theory in economics, the tool is also used for benchmarking in operations management, where a set of measures is selected to benchmark the performance of manufacturing and service operations.Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) has been recognized as a valuable analytical research instrument and a practical decision support tool. DEA has been used for both production and cost data. Utilizing the selected variables, such as unit cost and output, DEA software searches for the points with the lowest unit cost for any given output, connecting those points to form the efficiency frontier. Any company not on the frontier is considered inefficient. A numerical coefficient is given to each firm, defining its relative efficiency. Different variables that could be used to establish the efficiency frontier are: number of employees, service quality, environmental safety, and fuel consumption.
As regards, banks accept control on their branches operation and work in this study we measured the efficiency of Mellat bank branches in the North Khorasan province for the years 1386-1388. The studies are in four distinct categories: (1)Presentation of past research short description, (2)Present of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) method, research model and variables,(3)Interpretation of model estimation result, (4) researchDeduction and suggestion.
Types of performance calculated in this study are consist of technical efficiency, allocative efficiency and economic efficiency that they are investigated with two assumption constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS). Technical efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs is used to produce an output. A firm is said to be technically efficient if a firm is producing the maximum output from the minimum quantity of inputs, such as labor, capital and technology. Allocative efficiency is a state of the economy in which production represents consumer preferences; in particular, every good or service is produced up to the point where the last unit provides a marginal benefit to consumers equal to the marginal cost of producing. Economic efficiency is implies an economic state in which every resource is optimally allocated to serve each person in the best way while minimizing waste and inefficiency. When an economy is economically efficient, any changes made to assist one person would harm another. The CRS assumption only may operate, if corporation isoperated in optimum scale. The various questions caused institution don’t operation inoptimum scale, for example:competitive effects, financial constraint and whatnot.The CRS assumption, as long as,all institutes don’t operation inoptimum scale,technical efficiencyamounts is computed will be disturbed.In use ofvariable returns to scale is cause technical efficiency (Inclusive:scale efficiency quantity and management efficiency) analyze exactly.
In the DEA method use two variablespack: A) entry variable (inputs), B)output variables. Accordingly, the research variables was determinant according to the Intermediate attitude, therefore the input variables are including deposits, fixed assets and personnel and the output variables are including interest-free loans and facilities in the form of swap contracts.
The research results show that in average three-year(1386-1388), technical efficiency, allocation efficiency and economic efficiency, with assumption of the CRS, respectively were 0/747, 0/79, 0/59, and with assumption of the VRS, were 0/91, 0/88 and 0/80. Also, in years 1386 to 1388, respectively 33, 27 and 40 percent of branches in both CRS and VRS were efficient. Furthermore, the average economic performance in both CRS and VRS has not changed much. Although, resultswith assumption of theVRS have superioraverage, but that operation only show Short termefficiency and short termefficiencysize cannot be suitable criterion for adjustmentefficiencyrecovery plan.
Mahindokht Kazemi; Mohammad Ali Falahi; Akram Zeynaliyan
Abstract
This study, using ARDL model, examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and indicators of financial development with variables such as real per capita non-oil income, per capita energy consumption and ratio of import and export to GDP in Iran during the period 1352-1390.
The results ...
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This study, using ARDL model, examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and indicators of financial development with variables such as real per capita non-oil income, per capita energy consumption and ratio of import and export to GDP in Iran during the period 1352-1390.
The results show that long-run elasticity of carbon dioxide emissions with respect to real per capita income, per capita energy consumption and export in Iran are positive and with respect to import is negative. According to the results, the ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP and private sector debt to the banking system to GDP have positive and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions in the long run, (0.257) and (0.304) and in the short run (0.175) and (0.233) in Iran respectively. In addition, the effect of the ratio of commercial bank domestic assets to central bank and total assets of banking system on CO2 emissions in Iran in the long run is non-significant and in the short run is estimated at 90% significance level and about (-0.205). The Causality test results show that there is a short run one-way causal relationship of the three indicators of financial development on emissions of carbon dioxide in Iran.
Ali Akbar Naji Meidani; Mahindokht Kazemi; Mandana Ghafuri
Abstract
This research uses econometrics techniques to study significant correlation between poverty and globalization of economy and investigate mechanisms influence of globalization on poverty in the economy during the period 1984-2004.
In this context, the estimated three models discussed. In the form of ...
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This research uses econometrics techniques to study significant correlation between poverty and globalization of economy and investigate mechanisms influence of globalization on poverty in the economy during the period 1984-2004.
In this context, the estimated three models discussed. In the form of a model for a significant correlation between poverty and globalization of the economy - causal relationship between these two variables - the intensity and direction of influence of globalization on poverty and other models. The mechanism described in the framework model for how to express this influence. Results of regression estimates and Granger Causality shows:
Significant positive and relationship between economic globalization and poverty ALS, global economy is one cause of poverty and Unsuccessful because of poor economic globalization is being. A positive relationship between the globalization of the economy and inflation, therefore the global economy through inflation increases poverty. A negative correlation between the globalization of the economy and unemployment. therefore .
